Over the past few years, the UK has seen some substantial health and safety fines handed out by the HSE. Here is a list of the highest of these penalties.
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in the UK has had its hands full with investigating health and safety breaches and dishing out penalties to companies that have failed to adhere to regulations. Fines from recent years reflect the severity of these breaches.
Top 10 HSE fines
- Cambridgeshire County Council: £6m + £292k costs (2025)
- Valero Energy UK & B&A Contracts: £5.1m + £1m costs (2019)
- Northern Gas Networks Ltd: £5m + £91.5k costs (2022)
- Kier Infrastructure and Overseas Ltd: £4.4m + £87.7k costs (2023)
- National Grid: £4m + £92k costs (2021)
- Boulby Mine: £3.6m (2022)
- British Airways PLC: £3.2m + £20.9k costs (2025)
- National Grid: £3.2m + £20.5k costs (2024)
- Veolia ES (UK) Limited: £3m + £60k costs (2024)
- Valencia Waste Management Limited: £3m + £21k costs (2023)
Breaches in health and safety legislation have severe consequences, often resulting in serious injury or loss of life. Workplace accidents include falls from height, fire and gas explosions and vehicle accidents on site. In all cases, employers have failed to mitigate workplace risks.
The penalties listed include the fine amount and the company's legal costs. An alarming observation is that the highest fine comes from 2025. The big fines from recent times are an indication that comprehensive health and safety training is vital.
Read our Health & Safety Roadmap
Top 10 HSE fines in detail
We've examined the causes of the UK's biggest health and safety fines over the past few years to help you understand how to avoid making the same mistakes. Take a look at the complete list of fines in 2019, the top 10 fines of 2020, the biggest fines of 2022 and penalties in 2023 thus far.
1. Cambridgeshire County Council: £6m + £292k costs (2025)
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Section 3(1)
Cambridgeshire County Council has beenfined £6 million, plus nearly £300,000 in costs, after admitting multiple safety failings on its Guided Busway. Since opening in 2011, the busway has been linked to three deaths and several serious injuries, including children hurt at crossing points.
Investigators from the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) found that the council failed to install basic safety measures such as proper lighting, separation between paths and buses, speed controls, and clear warning signs.
Despite a fatality in 2015, the council delayed carrying out a risk assessment until 2016 and even then, it overlooked key dangers. Instead of acting on the HSE's enforcement notices, the council appealed them, during which time more incidents occurred.
The HSE described the failings as "completely preventable," saying the tragedy could have been avoided with simple, common safety precautions
2. Valero Energy UK & B&A Contracts: £5.1m + £1m costs (2019)
H&S at Work Act Breaches: Sections 2 (1) & 3 (1)
The largest fines of 2019 were handed to Valero Energy UK Ltd and B&A Contracts Ltd over an explosion at a Pembrokeshire oil refinery in 2011, leaving four workers dead and one critically harmed. The blast happened as the five workers used a vacuum tanker to drain one of the Amine Recovery Unit's tanks.
The resulting explosion was so severe that it blew off the tank's 5-tonne roof, launching it 55 metres through the air, narrowly missing a highly flammable pipe track, before hitting a butane storage sphere.
HSE investigators discovered that the refinery's safety management systems possessed numerous longstanding failures. This resulted in the Amine Recovery Unit's flammable atmosphere risks not being adequately controlled or understood by everyone involved.
For their failure to prevent this human tragedy, Valero was fined £5 million (and £1 million in costs), while B & A Contracts were fined £120,000 (and £40,000 costs).
3. Northern Gas Networks Ltd: £5m + £91.5k costs (2022)
Health & Safety at Work Act 1974 Section 3 (1)
Following a fatal fire and gas explosion in Mirfield, authorities found Northern Gas Networks Ltd to breach Health and Safety regulations and fined £5 million. In addition, authorities ordered the gas operator to pay £91,487 in costs.
The HSE found that the source of the gas escape was a fractured cast iron main running under the carriageway to the front of the property. Homeowner, Elena Frunza, was found during the property search and taken to the hospital. She passed away the following day.
Upon investigation, the HSE found that this main did not appear in Northern Gas Networks drawings and maintenance failings in line with the Pipelines Safety Regulations 1996.
The company pleaded guilty to breaching the Health and Safety at Work Act. The HSE concluded that they failed "to follow their safety procedures, in this case requiring the prompt and effective investigation and correction of anomalies in their records."
4. Kier Infrastructure & Overseas Ltd: £4.4m + £87.7k costs (2023)
Health & Safety at Work Act 1974 Sections 2(1) and 3(1) and Regulation 13(1) of the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015
After its two incidents of its workers striking overhead powerlines on the M6 motorway, causing the cables to fall in the path of passing vehicles, the civil engineering company Kier has been fined over £4m. Both incidents occurred on overnight road works.
While clearing tarmac from the hard should and loading a truck with an excavator, the raised loading bucket struck and severed an overhead powerline. This 11 kilovolt overhead powerline landed in the motorway and in a nearby field.
After an investigation, the HSE found that the workers failed to inform the network provider after this first incident. This meant that the cable was re-energised a number of times while it was lying in the motorway. Due to poor planning by Kier, the vehicle used was unsuitable despite more suitable vehicles being available.
During the second incident, a crane struck an unmarked overhead cable which resulted in a powerline getting hit and snapping by an oncoming lorry. The workers were unaware of the overhead hazards, and there was no task-specific risk assessment available for workers.
5. National Grid: £4m + £92k costs (2021)
Health and Safety At Work Act 1974 / 3 / 1
The largest health and safety fine in 2021 was handed to National Grid Gas plc. The health and safety offences arose from its failure to make records available for hundreds of properties, resulting in routine safety inspections not taking place.
When National Grid Gas sold part of its operations to Cadent Gas in 2016, they did not transfer the records of many buildings. That meant condition surveys, inspections, and routine maintenance had been missing for years.
It highlights that even if injuries do not result from such mistakes, you can still be subject to hefty fines.
6. Boulby Mine: £3.6m (2022)
Section 2 (1) and two counts of Section 3(1) of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
The owners of Boulby Mine, a mining company, have been fined £3.6m after an investigation by the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) revealed deficiencies in the company's risk assessment and planning of works processes.
Poor health and safety practices and safeguards led to the serious injury of two electrical contractors. One victim received serious burns from an 11,000-volt electrical system that electrocuted him after he unknowingly came into contact with a live electrical chamber in 2016. The second victim came in contact with a live conductor on a 415-volt electrical system in 2019.
7. British Airways PLC: £3.2m + £20.9k costs (2025)
Work at Height Regulations 2005 Regulation 6(3)
British Airways was fined over £3 million after two employees suffered serious injuries while working at Heathrow's Terminal 5. The incidents involved falls from height while unloading baggage via televators (equipment used to move baggage containers).
One employee, in August 2022, slipped off an extended televator platform and fell about 1.5 metres, sustaining head and back injuries (including a fractured vertebra). Another, in March 2023, fell about 3 metres and suffered a fractured jaw and brain bleeding.
The HSE investigated and determined that guardrails had gaps between the platform and aircraft fuselage, which were exacerbated after platform extensions; flaps on the platforms were sometimes folded down, and operators had not always fully extended the elevator platforms to close the gap.
"This was a reasonably foreseeable risk that British Airways should have been aware of and therefore it should have done more to protect its employees."
8. National Grid: £3.2m + £20.5k costs (2024)
Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 Regulation 14
The National Grid has been fined over £3 million following a severe workplace incident in South Wales that left a worker, Justin Hollins, with life-altering injuries. Hollins, a father of two, suffered a 33,000-volt electric shock while replacing step bolts on a pylon at Treforest Industrial Estate in Pontypridd on December 3, 2020.
Both National Grid Electricity Distribution (South Wales) Plc and 4 Power Ltd faced fines for their roles in the safety failures that led to this tragic incident. Fines for the companies were £3.2m and £80k respectively.
The National Grid’s failure to ensure adequate safety measures has resulted in significant penalties following a catastrophic accident.
9. Veolia ES (UK) Limited: £3m + £60k costs (2024)
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Section 2(1)
A recycling company, Veolia ES (UK) Limited, has been fined £3 million after a tragic accident during the decommissioning of a North Sea gas rig resulted in the death of one worker and serious injuries to another.
An investigation by the HSE found significant failures in Veolia's planning, risk assessment, and supervision. The company had not properly assessed the risks associated with the task, leading to inadequate safety measures. As a result, Veolia pleaded guilty to breaching health and safety regulations and was fined.
"This incident, in an emerging industry, highlights the level of controls required to safely demolish what are large, dangerous structures. Veolia did not meet these standards and tragically one life was lost, and another forever changed."
10. Valencia Waste Management Limited: £3m + £21k costs (2023)
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Section 3
Valencia Waste Management Limited has been fined £3 million by the HSE for the deaths of workers Michael Atkin and Mart Wheatley in separate incidents in 2019 and 2020. The HSE investigated both incidents, leading to the prosecution of the company.
Mart Wheatley, a 31-year-old agency worker, died in 2020 while using a lorry to lift two skips simultaneously at Dartmoor National Park Conservation Works depot in Bovey Tracey, Devon. The fine reflects the serious nature of the safety violations.
In this tragic incident, incompatible skips, differing in dimensions and positioned at an angle, led to a fatal accident when an individual attempted to rectify the situation on the lorry bed.
An investigation by the HSE revealed that the company neglected to conduct a proper risk assessment for skip operations, resulting in the absence of safe work systems and adequate training. Additionally, the investigation uncovered issues with skip maintenance and the absence of size labels on the skips.
Michael Atkin, a 63-year-old HGV driver from Wetherby, tragically lost his life during a waste collection operation at Valencia Waste Management Limited's Grendon Road site in Earls Barton, Northamptonshire, on October 10, 2019. Employed by RT Keedwell, Atkin was at the site alongside a Valencia Waste Management employee, who was using a forklift truck to load rows of waste paper bales onto Atkin's lorry.
Other large health & safety fines
Brand Energy & Infrastructure Services UK Ltd: £1.6m + £23.1k costs (2024)
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Section 2(1)
Brand Energy and Infrastructure Services UK Ltd has been fined £1.6 million following the tragic death of 24-year-old Jack Phillips.
An investigation by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and Sussex Police revealed the company’s failure to adequately plan the lifting operation, establish safe exclusion zones, and ensure proper inspection of lifting accessories, including the use of expired slings.
“This tragic incident led to the wholly avoidable death of a young man. This death could so easily have been prevented if Jack’s employer had fulfilled its statutory duty to plan and manage the risks associated with lifting equipment and lifting operations."
Cleveland Bridge UK Ltd: £1.5m + £29.2k costs (2022)
Health & Safety at Work Act 1974, Provision & Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998, Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 & Work at Height Regulations 2005
Cleveland Bridge UK Ltd has been found guilty of breaching sections 2(1) and 3(1) of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and several safety regulations. The company was subsequently fined £1.5 million and ordered to pay costs of £29,239.
Electrician Keith Poppleton fatally fell 8 metres from a crane's walkway when an access panel gave way beneath him. He was repairing wiring, which was causing short-circuiting at the time of the accident.
The HSE found that the company failed to maintain the access panels of the crane walkway. Furthermore, the investigation also found that the panel had undergone weld repair, but there was no evidence that the company had ensured they securely replaced the panel. The HSE inspector, Jonathon Wills, said, "this was an incident that could easily have been prevented had the company considered the risks associated with such access panels."
EPUT: £1.5m + £86k costs (2021)
Health and Safety At Work Act 1974 / 3 / 1
Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust (EPUT) was fined £1.5m for a litany of systematic health and safety failures that led to avoidable deaths.
The offence arose in connection to their failure to prevent suicides. The risk posed by ligature points had been highlighted, yet the trust took years to take action.
Judge Cavanagh commented that there was "no doubt the failures to remove ligature points were a significant cause in the deaths of 11 people who died during the relevant time period and of a 12th person who died just after and a number of near misses."
Synergy Housing & Orona Ltd: £1.5m + £80k costs (2019)
H&S at Work Act Breaches: Section 3 (1)
In one of the most tragic cases on this list, two companies were fined in January 2019 following the death of a child. The tragedy occurred when five-year-old Alexys Brown put her head outside a broken vision panel in her home's lift as it travelled upwards.
Since she was alone in the lift then, nobody could offer immediate assistance, and she ended up losing her life due to the injuries sustained.
The HSE investigation noted many critical failings on the parts of Synergy Housing Limited, the property owner, and Orona Limited, the company in charge of the lift's maintenance and repairs.
These failings included a lack of inspections, the vision panel not being replaced or repaired, no risk assessment carried out when the Browns moved in, key failsafe mechanisms not in place, and tenants not being given critical safety information.
As a result, Synergy Housing was fined £1 million (and £40,000 costs), while Orona was fined £533,000 (and £40,000 costs).
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Written by: Emmeline de Chazal
Emmeline is an experienced digital editor and content marketing executive. She has a demonstrated history of working in both the education management and software industries. Emmeline has a degree in business science and her skillset includes Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) and digital marketing analytics. She is passionate about education and utilising her skills to encourage greater access to e-learning.
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